Honours and masters projects

Primary Supervisor:

• Dr Scott Bennett

Supervisory Team:

• Associate Professor Jeffrey Wright
• Debbi Delaney

Brief project description:

The wild harvest of southern bull kelp, Durvillaea potatorum, has been in operation since 1975 and is Australia's largest seaweed wild harvest industry and Tasmania's largest wild-caught fishery by biomass.

Despite its long history, there is a paucity of information on the trajectory of the kelp harvest industry due to mixed historical reporting of the fresh kelp collected and the dry milled product produced at the end. This project aims to calibrate fresh and dried bull kelp biomass measurements, using industry relevant methods, to better understand how the harvest of bull kelp has changed over recent decades and how harvest rates relate to changes in natural populations of southern bull kelp.

This project will provide recommendations that can better enable fishers to report bull kelp harvests and managers to track changes in bull kelp harvest through time - critical to understanding the trajectory and future of bull kelp populations in Tasmania.

Primary supervisor:

• Lauren Roman

Supervisory team:

• TBC

Brief project description:

The oceans in south-east Australia are among the fastest warming globally, and this is felt particularly along Tasmania's east coast, where the strengthening East Australia Current (EAC) is increasing sea temperatures and leading to marine ecosystem changes.

In the North Pacific Ocean, elevated sea surface temperatures have caused significant impacts on breeding planktivorous seabirds due to ecosystem changes affecting their prey. Fairy prions (Pachyptila turtur) are a small (and extremely cute) planktivorous seabird that breed in large numbers on Tasman Island on Tasmania's East Coast.

Given that climate change has caused pole-ward range shifts of numerous marine invertebrates across Australia, its possible that the diet of fairy prions may be changing through time and in response to warming seas. However, whether the intrusion of this warm low nutrient water from the EAC impacts temperate seabirds is poorly understood.

This study involves laboratory work, including seabird dissection and stable isotope analysis (analysing the ratios of stable isotopes carbon-13 and nitrogen-15) to examine whether the trophic position of prey provided to fairy prions during chick rearing has changed across the past decade, utilising feathers collected from deceased fledglings between 2016 and 2025.

We will also be using statistical analysis in R to compare these results with sea surface temperature measurements across the years of the study. This study presents a first step to understanding the impacts of climate change on Tasmania's planktivorous seabirds.

Primary supervisor:

• Asta Audzijonyte

Supervisory Team:

• Dr Sharon Appleyard - CSIRO
• Mark Grubert - Australian Fisheries Management Authority (AFMA)

Brief project description:

There is currently only one known spawning site for Australian M. novaezelandiae, being the west coast of Tasmania during winter. While no other spawning aggregations have been identified, it has been hypothesised that spawning also occurs on the east coast of Australia.

To test this hypothesis, it is necessary to compare fish that are sampled from the west coast spawning aggregation with east coast fish that are unlikely to have moved from west coast nursery grounds. To do this we will utilise juvenile fish sampled on the east coast during the winter spawning season. The rationale for this is that these fish are too young to have moved from the west coast nursery grounds to the east coast.

The project will consist of laboratory (tissue preparation, DNA extraction and morphological measurements at CSIRO marine labs) and desktop (QC/QA, statistical analyses at UTas) activities. The operational components of the project will be funded by the FRDC project `Biological parameters for stock assessments in South Eastern Australia  - an information and capacity uplift' (2023  - 2027). During the project, the student will utilise several datasets and methodologies to test the presence of population structuring in M. novaezelandiae stocks including:

1. Tissues for extraction of DNA: the samples utilised by the project will be derived from those of blue grenadier (Macruronus novaezelandiae) sampled in the Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (SESSF) and in the South East Australia Marine Ecosystem Study (SEA-MES) on the national research vessel RVI Investigator
2. SNPs for genotyping: will be derived from sequences from Diversity Arrays (DArTseq).
3. Morphological measurements: will be derived from whole fish collected from fishery and SEA-MES voyages.

Primary supervisor:

• Jane Younger

Supervisory Team:

• Lauren Roman
• Yuna Kim - BirdLife Australia

Brief project description:

Gould’s Petrel (Pterodroma leucoptera) is an endangered and declining seabird. Demographic monitoring reveals contrasting population trends at the three known breeding sites—Cabbage Tree Island (NSW), Barunguba-Montague Island (NSW) and Grande Terre, New Caledonia—but the level of genetic exchange among colonies has never been quantified.

This Masters project will generate the first population-genomic dataset for the species using Diversity Arrays Technology sequencing (DaRT-Seq) on an existing archive of ~90 blood samples collected by BirdLife Australia and partners, spanning all known breeding populations. Laboratory work will be conducted in the IMAS molecular ecology facility: DNA will be extracted, quality-checked and prepared for sequencing, after which we will analyse single-nucleotide polymorphisms to:

1. measure genetic diversity within each colony;
2. estimate historical and contemporary gene flow;
3. reconstruct demographic history, including evidence for past bottlenecks; and
4. assess whether the recently discovered Montague Island colony represents a genetically distinct management unit.

Outcomes will inform state and national recovery plans, guiding translocation or predator-control decisions aimed at maximising long-term viability. The project will also deliver an open-access genomic reference panel that can be re-used for future monitoring of related petrel species.

Pre-requisite: KSA714 Molecular Marine Ecology

Primary Supervisor:

• Dr Scott Bennett

Supervisory Team:

• Associate Professor Jeffrey Wright
• Debbi Delaney

Brief project description:

Oceans and the ecosystems they support are under escalating pressure from climate change. Ocean temperatures are warming, punctuated by extreme marine heatwave events, changing ocean circulation patterns, and increased frequency and intensity of storm events.  In response, the distribution of species globally is shifting poleward, characterised by a contraction of warm-edge populations and expansion of cool-edge populations. In addition, species are experiencing a broad spectrum of sub-lethal impacts ranging from declines in productivity, abundance, and the emergence of novel species interactions from range extending species. Such impacts can be particularly hard felt  when they occur on foundation species and fisheries species, that support biodiversity and human society. Southern bull kelp, Durvillaea potatorum, is one such species that is both a foundation species within temperate reef ecosystems and a target species for seaweed harvest industry within Australia. Yet despite its importance, changes in the distribution and ecology of bull kelp are poorly understood.

This project will assess changes in the distribution, abundance and demography of southern bull kelp over the past 40 years on King Island, Tasmania. Historical surveys, conducted in the 1980's on King Island, will be repeated to assess if populations of bull kelp have changed in density, biomass, population structure and morphology.  The project findings have implications for the management of Tasmania's Marine Plant (bull kelp) Fishery.

Primary supervisor:

• Dr Peter Coulson

Supervisory Team:

• Dr Paul Burch (Paul.Burch@csiro.au; 0421569189)
• Rikki Taylor

Brief project description:

Frostfish (Lepidopus caudatus) is a short-lived, fast growing species that is widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters around the world. It is a byproduct species in fisheries on the continental shelf and slope in Australia and New Zealand, with annual landed catches in Australia's Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (SESSF) of 90 -300 tonnes over the last twenty years (Althaus and Sutton 2024). While the age and growth dynamics of this species have been described in New Zealand (Horn 2013), no comparable studies have been undertaken in southern Australia.

Many fish stocks on the continental shelf and slope of south eastern Australia have experienced declines in production over the past two decades that has been linked to both historical overfishing and climate change. With Frostfish emerging in importance in the SESSF quantifying the biological characteristics of Frostfish is a crucial component of the sustainable management of this species.

Data has been collected as part of FRDC 2022-032 Biological parameters for stock assessments in South Eastern Australia - an information and capacity uplift with biological samples obtained from the winter spawning fishery for Blue Grenadier on the west coast of Tasmania.

The data include including length, weight, sex, macroscopic maturity and otoliths from ~650 along with some additional frozen gonads. There is potentially the opportunity to collect additional data through the SESSF Observer Program in 2026.

References

• https://doi.org/10.25919/3k9r-y573
• Horn, P.L. 2013. Age determination of frostfish (Lepidopus caudatus) off west coast South Island, New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2013/21.
• Dick, E.J. and MacCall, A.D., 2011. Depletion-based stock reduction analysis: a catch-based method for determining sustainable yields for data-poor fish stocks. Fisheries Research, 110, 331-341.

Primary supervisor:

• Tim Ward

Supervisory Team:

• Katerina Charitonidou
• Paul Burch
• Gretchen Grammer

Brief project description:

Batch fecundity is the average number of eggs released by a female during each spawning event. Relative
fecundity is the average number of eggs released by a female during each spawning event relative to female
weight (e.g. oocytes per gram). In previous studies of Jack Mackerel off eastern Australia, batch fecundity has been estimated from females with ovaries with hydrated oocytes using the traditional gravimetric method of Hunter and Goldberg (1980). This approach involves counting hydrated oocytes in weighed of sub-sections of the ovaries. The main disadvantage of this approach has been that few females with hydrated oocytes have been collected in trawls.

Recently, samples of containing spawning Jack Mackerel were collected from Bass Strait that are suitable for estimating batch fecundity using the traditional method. In this study, the student will also use two new methods to estimate the number of eggs in each batch. Firstly, whole mounts of ovaries will be analyzed using image analysis methodology and software as described by Thorsen and Kjesbu (2001). Using this method, batch fecundity will be estimated from both hydrated oocytes and the oocytes that will comprise the next batch to be spawned. Secondly, histological slides from studies will be analyzed using stereological approaches described by Weibel (1966), Kjesbu, et al. (2011) and Saber et al. 2016). Using these three approaches will help to resolve current uncertainties associated with estimates of the relative fecundity of Jack Mackerel off eastern Australia.

Primary supervisor:

• Dale Maschette

Supervisory team:

• Kerrie Swadling
• Luke Brokensha

Anecdotal evidence suggested an increasing interaction of scavenging crustacea depredating fish caught on longlines within the Heard Island and McDonald Islands toothfish fishery. Since 2022, Australian vessels have been trialing bespoke traps designed to sample the scavenging crustacea. Here we present the development process of the traps, and with over with over 1800 deployments during the trial period, and initial investigations into distribution and abundance of scavenging crustacea. Typically, the distribution of crustacea have been highly heterogeneous even within small sampling distances, whilst size of individuals within Amphipoda and Isopoda have shown increasing size with decreasing latitude.

This project will work across the Australian Antarctic Program Partnership and the Australian Antarctic Division fisheries team to sort and identify the samples collected so far. This project will contain two main components:

1. Sorting benthic invertebrates into large taxonomic groups and imaging with the zooscan,
2. Modeling of invertebrate occurrence with longline catch rates to explore interactions. This projects provides a split between lab work across the AAD and IMAS with quantitative modeling skills.

This projects provides a split between lab work across the AAD and IMAS with quantitative modeling skills.

Primary supervisor:

• Scott Hadley

Supervisory Team:

• Klaas Hartmann

Brief project description:

The Inland Fisheries Service (IFS) is responsible for the management of the recreational trout fishery in Tasmania. In discharging this responsibility, the IFS manages several inland waters as `assisted fisheries' that rely on stocking and regulation to maintain a desirable level of fishery performance. Some of these assisted fisheries have no natural recruitment, however some have limited or variable natural recruitment. Performance criteria for these assisted fisheries have been established and are listed in the Tasmanian Inland Recreational Fishery Management Plan 2018-2028.

This project aims to develop a mathematical stocking model to support the management of assisted trout fisheries in Tasmania. Once established, the model will be used to support the annual IFS Transfer and Stocking Plan. Estimates for the model parameters will be obtained from the literature and historical IFS records however a field work component may be required to fill any knowledge gaps and/or to ground-truth the model.

The student will have an opportunity to work closely with the Inland Fisheries Service staff and have access to historical data sets regarding fish stocking and fishery performance assessments. The student will also have the opportunity to participate in field work to collect additional information relevant to model development as required. Applicants should be enthusiastic about the Tasmanian inland fishery and in terms of learning modelling techniques and their application to fisheries management.

Primary supervisor:

• Dr Peter Coulson

Supervisory Team:

• Dr Paul Burch (Paul.Burch@csiro.au; 0421569189)
• Rikki Taylor

Brief project description:

Frostfish (Lepidopus caudatus) is a short-lived, fast growing species that is widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters around the world. It is a byproduct species in fisheries on the continental shelf and slope in Australia and New Zealand, with annual landed catches in Australia's Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (SESSF) of 90 -300 tonnes over the last twenty years (Althaus and Sutton 2024). While the age and growth dynamics of this species have been described in New Zealand (Horn 2013), no comparable studies have been undertaken in southern Australia.

Many fish stocks on the continental shelf and slope of south eastern Australia have experienced declines in production over the past two decades that has been linked to both historical overfishing and climate change. With Frostfish emerging in importance in the SESSF quantifying the biological characteristics of Frostfish is a crucial component of the sustainable management of this species.

Data has been collected as part of FRDC 2022-032 Biological parameters for stock assessments in South Eastern Australia - an information and capacity uplift with biological samples obtained from the winter spawning fishery for Blue Grenadier on the west coast of Tasmania.

The data include including length, weight, sex, macroscopic maturity and otoliths from ~650 along with some additional frozen gonads. There is potentially the opportunity to collect additional data through the SESSF Observer Program in 2026.

References

• https://doi.org/10.25919/3k9r-y573
• Horn, P.L. 2013. Age determination of frostfish (Lepidopus caudatus) off west coast South Island, New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2013/21.
• Dick, E.J. and MacCall, A.D., 2011. Depletion-based stock reduction analysis: a catch-based method for determining sustainable yields for data-poor fish stocks. Fisheries Research, 110, 331-341.

Primary supervisor:

• Samantha Twiname

Supervisory team:

• Rafael Leon Leiva
• Steven Rust

Brief project description:

Background: Sustainability of fisheries is generally focused on the fished species, as well as direct impacts on other species as by-catch, and the local environment. Increasingly, the sustainability of the entire seafood supply chain is being considered, taking into account the carbon footprint of all processes from capture to transport to market. This process can be evaluated using a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach, which can be used to measure the environmental impacts of a fishery from ocean to plate.

Need: At present, there are no estimations of the potential environmental impacts resulting from the use of fossil fuels in the south-east Giant Crab fishery operating in Tasmania and Victoria.

Objectives: Quantify the south-east Giant Crab fishery's carbon footprint

Method: Use the LCA approach to estimate the fossil fuel use effects categorised as global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential, and cumulative energy demand.

Outcome: Increased knowledge regarding the carbon footprint of the fishery to assess its environmental sustainability.

Primary supervisor:

• Jayson Semmens

Supervisory team:

• David Moreno
• Ashley Townsend

Project description: 

The endangered Maugean skate (Zearaja maugeana) is one of the most range restricted extant elasmobranch species in the world, being the only skate species known to be exclusively estuarine.

Due to this range restriction and impacts from anthropogenic activity, there is a growing concern for the species. Macquarie Harbour is known to be the most extensively copper-contaminated estuary in the Southern Hemisphere and is also contaminated with elevated levels of other heavy metals associated with copper ore, as a result of historical inputs from the Mount Lyell copper mine and ongoing acid rock drainage (Carpenter et al., 1991; Teasdale et al., 2003). Elevated heavy metal concentrations, such as that within the waters of Macquarie Harbour, are known to cause a suite of deleterious effects on the functioning of organisms.

A recent study examining heavy metal levels in adult Maugean skate muscle tissue showed Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, and Lead concentrations that suggest the potential for toxicity effects (Woodward, 2024 ). As such, this project will investigate if contamination can be passed from a female to its offspring, and explore how captive conditions affect maternal contributions of nutrients and contaminants in Maugean Skate.

Therefore, information gained from this work will play crucial roles in the management of the captive population, designing a breeding and release plan, understanding possible mechanisms for juvenile mortality in the wild population, designing a minimally invasive tool for population monitoring, and understanding the potential need for management action around contamination and nutritional impacts on the species.

Primary supervisor:

• David Moreno

Supervisory team:

• Jayson Semmens
• Linda Armbrecht

Project description:

The endangered Maugean skate (Zearaja maugeana) is one of the most range restricted extant elasmobranch species in the world, being the only skate species known to be exclusively estuarine. Due to this range restriction and impacts from anthropogenic activity, there is a growing concern for the species.

Given the anthropogenic impacts documented in Macquarie Harbour and the degraded environmental conditions that have resulted, the 'pristine' Bathurst Harbour could function as an ideal refuge for the species. However, recent work using environmental DNA found that at present, there isn't a functional population of Maugean skate in Bathurst Harbour.

The primary aim of this study is to establish if ancient environmental DNA in sediment (sedaDNA) samples from Bathurst and Macquarie Harbours can be used as a novel tool to explore the biodiversity history of these unique estuaries with a particular focus on the Maugean Skate. Furthermore, if DNA traces from the species can be detected, they will be used to provide a qualitative assessment of the population dynamics of the species in Bathurst Harbour to help determine the modern suitability of the area as a refuge for active conservation measures for the species.

More broadly, this project will demonstrate the ability to use ancient DNA as a retrospective analysis tool for cryptic endangered or data poor coastal species that can be used to aid in management, conservation and research.

Primary supervisor:

• Delphine Lannuzel

Supervisory team:

• Pauline Latour

Brief project description:

The Denman Glacier in East Antarctica offers a direct pathway to the Aurora Basin. It is highly susceptible to ice loss and a critical factor in understanding sea-level rise and climate change. The Denman Glacier has recently been rapidly thinning and retreating, losing mass at an accelerating rate due to the intrusion of warm ocean water beneath its ice shelf. Glacial meltwaters released into the ocean can influence nutrient dynamics, carbon cycling, and primary productivity, offering insights into how glacial retreat in Antarctica impacts marine ecosystems and biogeochemical processes in a rapidly changing polar environment.  

The region shows clear differences in ocean and sea ice conditions between the Eastern and Western sides of the Denman glacier. The Eastern side is characterised by long periods of sea-ice coverage, and low surface Chla (an indicator of primary productivity). Conversely, the Western side is characterised by long periods of open water, and high surface Chla (Figure 1). In this context, the project aims to analyse ocean biogeochemical variables from both the eastern and western sides of the Denman glacier. The goal is to assess potential spatial variations that could be indicative of differing glacial, oceanographic, and biological processes. This research will contribute to understanding the regional influence of the glacier on surrounding marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles.

The honours student will participate in Antarctic fieldwork between March and May 2025 on the RSV Nuyina to collect full depth seawater profiles from the CTD rosette. Samples will be processes onboard for Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), macronutrients, δ18O (oxygen isotopes), particulate and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen (POC/PON, DOC/DON), biogenic silica (BSi), and flow cytometry for phytoplankton analysis following international protocols. Seawater from both sides of the ice shelf will be analysed to determine whether there are significant differences in nutrient distributions, biological productivity, and glacial meltwater fluxes between the eastern and western sides of the glacier front. The suite of biogeochemical and biological variables will also be used to evaluate what processes drive the regional difference in phytoplankton blooms east and west (Figure 1) of the Denman/Shackleton system. This is a key research question for the ACEAS program during DMV. The honours project will produce key knowledge that will directly contribute to the research outcomes of ACEAS scientists from other working groups.

Voyage Timing - The DMV will be the first marine science campaign for the newly commissioned RSV Nuyina. DMV is a dedicated 68 days marine science voyage scheduled for late February-April 2025 (Hobart-Hobart). We plan to arrive on site on the 7th of March 2025 and depart around the 18th of April 2025. Arrival in Hobart is envisaged around the 28th of April 2025.


Voyage Location - The voyage will transit from Hobart to the Denman Glacier located between Casey and Davis research stations. DMV activities will be focused in 3 areas west and east of Shackleton ice shelf. The eastern side may show signs of warm water intrusion toward the ice shelf grounding line, while the west shows a recurrent phytoplankton bloom that could be fed by the iron meltwater pump. The voyage will also undertake investigations in East Bruce Rise and West Bruce Rise, as well as on the volcanic seamounts located at 60°S 100°E.

Timeline:
February 2025:
Begin literature review on Denman Glacier and Southern Ocean biogeochemistry.
Training on sampling collection techniques (Chl-a, BSi, POC/PON, DOC/DON, nutrients, isotope analysis, flow cytometry).

March - April 2025:
Field work (ship-based filtrations: Chl-a, BSi, POC/PON, DOC/DON)
Sample analyses of Chl-a and macronutrients onboard
Microscopy analysis of phytoplankton
Prepare POC/PON filters for analysis at CSL  
Data entry and initial statistical analysis  
IMAS introduction seminar

May - June 2025:
δ18O and POC/PON analysis at CSL
DOC/DON analysis at UTAS plant science
Complete remaining analyses (BSi, flow cytometry).
Hydrography analyses  
Data entry and initial statistical analysis.

July - August 2025:
Data synthesis, visualization, and comparative analysis between the east and west glacier zones.
Begin drafting honours thesis.

September - October 2025:
Finalise thesis and prepare for submission.
Presentations at ACEAS and final honours project seminars.

Primary supervisor:

• Hannah Dawson

Supervisory team:

• Edward Doddridge
• Annie Foppert
• Paul Spence

Primary supervisor:

• Will Hobbs

Supervisory Team:

• Dr Martin Jucker

Brief project description:

Antarctic sea ice is a critical part of the global climate, that has undergone drastic decreases in just the last few years. Understanding the significance of these losses means that we need to understand the drivers of natural variability.

A surprising potential driver of this variability is the 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcanic eruption, which released an unusually large amount of water vapor into the stratosphere. Climate model experiments suggest that this could have had a delayed impact on Antarctic sea ice in 2024 by changing the atmospheric circulation.

This project apply advanced “Detection and Attribution” techniques to satellite sea ice observations and output from climate models, to quantify exactly how much effect Tunga-Honga had on sea ice.

Primary supervisor:

• Dr Peter Coulson

Supervisory Team:

• Dr Paul Burch (Paul.Burch@csiro.au; 0421569189)
• Rikki Taylor

Brief project description:

Frostfish (Lepidopus caudatus) is a short-lived, fast growing species that is widely distributed in temperate and tropical waters around the world. It is a byproduct species in fisheries on the continental shelf and slope in Australia and New Zealand, with annual landed catches in Australia's Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery (SESSF) of 90 -300 tonnes over the last twenty years (Althaus and Sutton 2024). While the age and growth dynamics of this species have been described in New Zealand (Horn 2013), no comparable studies have been undertaken in southern Australia.

Many fish stocks on the continental shelf and slope of south eastern Australia have experienced declines in production over the past two decades that has been linked to both historical overfishing and climate change. With Frostfish emerging in importance in the SESSF quantifying the biological characteristics of Frostfish is a crucial component of the sustainable management of this species.

Data has been collected as part of FRDC 2022-032 Biological parameters for stock assessments in South Eastern Australia - an information and capacity uplift with biological samples obtained from the winter spawning fishery for Blue Grenadier on the west coast of Tasmania.

The data include including length, weight, sex, macroscopic maturity and otoliths from ~650 along with some additional frozen gonads. There is potentially the opportunity to collect additional data through the SESSF Observer Program in 2026.

References

• https://doi.org/10.25919/3k9r-y573
• Horn, P.L. 2013. Age determination of frostfish (Lepidopus caudatus) off west coast South Island, New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2013/21.
• Dick, E.J. and MacCall, A.D., 2011. Depletion-based stock reduction analysis: a catch-based method for determining sustainable yields for data-poor fish stocks. Fisheries Research, 110, 331-341.

Supervisory Team:

• Zanna Chase
• Elizabeth Shadwick

Brief project description:

Southern Ocean waters are becoming warmer, fresher, less oxygenated and more acidic (“heating up, losing breath and turning sour”). Changes are happening both from the north as warming boundary currents push further southward, and from the south as the Antarctic cryosphere melts. The implications of these changes for global and regional marine productivity, global ocean carbon uptake and in turn atmospheric CO2 levels, are poorly understood.

Tracking the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 requires high-quality observations collected over many years. This project will use oceanographic and biogeochemical data collected in 2021 on the Trends in Euphausiids off Mawson, Predators and Oceanography (TEMPO) as well as collected in on the BROKE-West voyage in 2006 to quantify the increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and evaluate the progress of Ocean Acidification in the East Antarctic coastal region.

Skills students will develop during this research project:

• Computer languages such as Matlab
• Accessing and analysing large datasets such as satellite and Argo data as well as discrete bottle data collected at sea
• Understanding of the Southern Ocean CO2 system and biogeochemical cycles

Primary supervisor:

• Zanna Chase

Supervisory team:

• Joe Cresswell
• George Rowland